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The Color of Death: Legacy of Agent Orange Still Plagues Vietnam After Decades of Peace_我的网站

A |     On August 10, 1961, American forces for the first time spayed Agent Orange in Vietnam as part of its herbicidal warfare program, Operation Ranch Hand.,Here’s a closer look into this highly toxic defoliant chemical, the use of which by the US military during the 1955-1975 Vietnam War resulted in up to one million people being disabled, according to the Red Cross of Vietnam’s estimates.,What is Agent Orange?,The defoliant derived its name from the color of the orange-striped US gallon barrels in which the chemical was shipped and stored.,It was created in 1940 and used in the United States as an agricultural defoliant, as it had the ability to kill some plants while leaving others unaffected.,Using the Defense Production Act of 1950, the US government prodded several American companies to make Agent Orange for military use. A 50:50 mixture of the herbicides 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D, the defoliant contains an extremely toxic dioxin compound.,Effects of Agent Orange,A 50:50 mixture of the 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Agent Orange contains the Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, or TCDD, the most toxic of the dioxins, classified as a human carcinogen by the US Environmental Protection Agency.,Even short-term exposure to TCDD can cause cancer, liver problems and a severe acne-like skin disease, known as chloracne. The dioxin is also linked to type 2 diabetes, immune system dysfunction, nerve disorders, muscular dysfunction, hormone disruption and heart disease.,Additionally, the chemical can cause miscarriages, spina bifida and other problems with fetal brain and nervous system development.,Use of Agent Orange in Vietnam,During the 1955-1975 Vietnam war, the first US defoliation missions were launched near the Vietnamese village of Dak To in 1961.,The goal was to remove cover and concealment used by the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army, so as to reveal hidden bases, communications centers and potential targets, and to improve visibility in tracking troop movements.,More than 13 million gallons (about 59 million liters) of Agent Orange was used by the US military in Vietnam, or almost two-thirds of the total amount of herbicides used during the entire Vietnam War.,The chemical was available in slightly different mixtures, sometimes referred to as Agent Orange I, Agent Orange II, Agent Orange III and “Super Orange”.,End of Agent Orange?,In 1969, the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) urged the Pentagon to end its use of herbicides containing dioxin, specifically Agent Orange, something that the Department of Defense (DoD) eventually did.,Even so, the defoliation campaign continued, with the US military switching to Agent White, a chemical herbicide that did not contain the dioxin contaminant.,In May 1970, the US Air Force (USAF) flew its last defoliation mission, and almost a year later, the DoD announced that all crop destruction missions would also cease.,The remaining 2.22 million gallons of Agent Orange were moved by the USAF to Johnston Island Atoll in the South Pacific, where they were incinerated.,Legacy,The Vietnamese government said that up to four million people in the country were exposed to Agent Orange, and as many as three million people had suffered illness because of the defoliant.,The Vietnam Red Cross in turn pointed out that the defoliant had affected at least 150,000 children, and that babies in Vietnam are still being born with birth defects due to Agent Orange. In this regard, numerous studies revealed that dioxin levels are still in place in the blood samples of the citizens of both North and South Vietnam.,The chemical also caused immense environmental damage in Vietnam, with more than 3,100,000 hectares (31,000 km2) of forest being defoliated ( for comparison's sake, Taiwan measures 36,197 km2).,Opinion & AnalysisAnniversary of Agent Orange Disaster: Only United Can We Relieve the Suffering of Many Generations10:21 GMT,Agent Orange-related issues also emerged in the US after an increasing number of returning Vietnam veterans and their families began to report a range of health problems, including skin irritations, miscarriages, psychological symptoms, type 2 diabetes, birth defects in children and cancers such as Hodgkin’s disease, prostate cancer and leukemia.,1979 saw a class action lawsuit filed on behalf of 2.4 million US veterans, who were exposed to Agent Orange during their service in Vietnam. In 1984, seven major US chemical companies that manufactured the defoliant agreed to pay $180 million in damages to the veterans or their next of kin.,Vietnam War,The 1955-1975 Vietnam War, which involved Laos and Cambodia, pitted communist North Vietnam and the Viet Cong revolutionary organization against South Vietnam, supported by Washington.,Preconditions for the war pertained to the desire of North Vietnam, which defeated the French colonial administration in 1954, to unify the entire country under a single communist authority, like in the Soviet Union or China. The South Vietnamese government, for its part, sought to preserve a Vietnam more closely aligned with the West.,The US was concerned over the spread of communism to South Vietnam and then to the rest of Asia, which prompted Washington to end money, supplies and military advisers to help the South Vietnamese government.,On August 2, 1964, North Vietnamese boats attacked a US Navy destroyer, the USS Maddox, patrolling in the Gulf of Tonkin near Vietnam, in what was used by the White House as a pretext to escalate the war and send American combat units to the South East Asian country. However, the US costs and casualties in the war prompted Washington to withdraw American troops by 1973, and a couple of years later, South Vietnam fell to a full-scale invasion by the North.,An array of war crimes was committed by the US military during the war, including the My Lai massacre, in which up to 504 unarmed South Vietnamese civilians, including women, children, and infants, were killed by US Army soldiers on March 16, 1968.,Another war crime pertains to Operation Speedy Express, conducted by the US Army in Vietnam’s Mekong Delta between December 1968 and May 1969 as part of the American military’s effort to pacify the Viet Cong. The operation led to 5,000 to 7,000 casualties who were reported to have been civilians.。    暑假期间孩子居家上网的时间多了，诈骗分子以游戏福利、明星周边产品为诱饵设局行骗的案件也多了，既给家庭带来财产损失，也给孩子带来心理伤害。近日，浙江省公安厅联合浙江省教育厅发布致全省学生及家长的暑期反诈公开信，梳理了四大类高发骗局套路及典型案例。一是游戏装备虚假交易类骗局。骗子以免费皮肤、低价账号、代练升级、解除防沉迷为诱饵，诱导未成年人脱离官方渠道私下转账，收款后立即拉黑失联。今年7月，初中生小李在游戏平台看到“免费领皮肤”信息，添加对方QQ私下交易，被骗子以“保证金”为由先后转账8次共3200元，最终被对方拉黑。二是虚假购物与服务类骗局。

B | 骗子冒充电商客服、票务中介，以退款理赔、低价售票为名，诱导下载带屏幕共享功能的陌生App，窃取银行卡信息与验证码盗刷资金。今年7月，高中生小蔡网购明星演唱会门票时，被诱导点击陌生链接、下载屏幕共享软件，填写银行卡信息后，家长账户10分钟内被盗刷12800元。三是刷单返利类骗局。

C | 骗子打着“暑期兼职、日赚百元”的旗号，先以小额任务返利骗取信任，再以“联单未完成”“操作失误”为由索要大额垫资，卷款后销声匿迹。

D | 今年6月，高中毕业生小陈在QQ群看到兼职信息，完成小额任务收到返利后，被要求垫付“联单任务”资金，转账6500元后察觉被骗。

E | 四是冒充公检法类骗局。骗子伪装成执法人员，谎称账号涉嫌违法，发送伪造文书恐吓，逼迫转入“安全账户”或通过屏幕共享盗刷，极易造成大额财产损失。今年7月，初中生小黄加入明星粉丝群后，被自称“网警”的人员以账号违法为由恐吓，使用家长手机向所谓“安全账户”转账28600元。除了被骗之外，不少孩子还容易沦为“电诈工具人”。

F | 比如孩子因好奇贪利、碍于“义气”，出借或售卖电话卡、银行卡及微信、QQ、支付宝等账号；骗子以“躺赚佣金”“帮忙接电话”为幌子，诱导孩子用本人或亲属手机转接诈骗电话……这些行为都会为诈骗提供便利，属于违法行为，情节严重的还会触犯刑法，一旦留下违法记录，会直接影响升学与未来职业发展。

G | 因此，浙江警方提醒同学们守住不贪图小利、不做高危操作、不转钱款、及时求助“四条底线”，也请家长们守好把好支付关、做好日常排查、加强亲子沟通“三道防线”。

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Published on:01:37:37